I like Node.js' simple and fully isolated concurrency model. You shouldn't be blocking the main event loop for 30 seconds! The main event loop is not intended to be used for heavy processing.

You can just set up a separate child process for that. The main event loop which handles connections should just co-ordinate and delegate work to other programs and processes. It can await for them to complete asynchronously; that way the event loop is not blocked.

I recall people have been able to get up to around a million (idle) WebSocket connections handled by a single process.

I was able to comfortably get 20k concurrent sockets per process each churning out 1 outbound message every 3 to 5 seconds (randomized to spread out the load).

It is a good thing that Node.js forces developers to think about this because most other engines which try to hide this complexity tend to impose a significant hidden cost on the server in the form of context switching... With Node.js, there is no such cost, your process can basically have a whole CPU core for itself and it can orchestrate other processes in a maximally efficient way if you write your code correctly... Which Node.js makes very easy to do. Spawning child processes and communicating with them in Node.js is a breeze.

Reading the article, I didn’t see this answered: why not scale to more nodes if your workload is CPU bound? Spin off 1 cpu and a few gb of ram container and scale that as wide as you need?

e.g., this certainly helps when the event loop is blocked, but so could FFI calls to another language for the CPU bound work. I’d only reach for a new Node thread if these didn’t pan out, because there’s usually a LOT that goes into spinning up a new node process in a container (isolating the data, making sure any bundlers and transpilers are working, making sure the worker doesn’t pull in all the app code, etc.).

Side car processes aren’t free, either. Now your processes are contending for the same pool of resources and can’t share anything, which IME means more likelihood of memory issues, esp if there isn’t anything limiting the workers your app can spawn.

Still, good article! Love seeing the ways people tackle CPU bound work loads in an otherwise I/O bound Node app.

The article calls worker threads "problematic", but it doesn’t really make a strong case for why they’re supposedly problematic.

Having a separate isolate in each threads spawned with the worker threads with a minimal footprint of 10MB does not seem like a high price to pay. It's not like you're going to spawn hundreds of them anyway is it? You will very likely spawn less or as much threads as your CPU cores can handle concurrently. You typically don't run a hundred of threads (OS threads) you use a thread pool and you cap the concurrency by setting a limit of maximum threads to spawn.

This is also how goroutines work under the hood, they are "green threads", an abstraction that operate on top of a much small OS thread pool.

Worker threads have constraints but most of them are intentional, and in many cases desirable.

I’d also add that SharedArrayBuffer doesn’t limit you to “shared counters or coordination primitives”. It’s just raw memory, you could store structured data in it using your own memory layout. There are libraries out there that implement higher-level data structures this way already

The worker situation would be much better with inline workers (or modules).

https://github.com/tc39/proposal-module-declarations

Unfortunately the JS standards folks have refused so far to make this situation better.

Ex. it should just be `new Worker(module { ... })`.

Related tangent: Platformatic's "Watt" server^1 takes a pretty interesting approach to Node, leveraging worker threads on all available cores for maximum efficiency.

1. https://docs.platformatic.dev/docs/overview/architecture-ove...

I get its a constraint of the language but the ubiquitousness of bundlers and differing toolchains in the JS world has always made me regret trying to use worker primitives, whether they be web workers, worker threads and more. Not to mention trying to ship them to users via a library being a nightmare as mentioned in the article.

Almost none of them treat these consistently (if they consider these at all) and all require you to work around them in strange ways.

It feels like there is a lot they could help with in the web world, especially in complex UI and moving computation off the main thread but they are just so clunky to use that almost nobody tries to work around it.

The ironic part is if bundlers, transpilers, compilers etc. weren't used at all they would probably have much more widespread use.

It’s not weird that you can’t share state between totally different processes except by passing in args.

And you can make it thread-like if you prefer by creating a “load balancer” setup to begin with to keep them CPU bound.

    require('os').cpus().length

Spawn a process for each CPU, bind data you need, and it can feel like multithreading from your perspective.

More here https://github.com/bennyschmidt/simple-node-multiprocess

I'm currently writing simulations of trading algorithms for my own use. I'm using worker_threads + SharedArrayBuffer and running them in Bun. I also tried porting the code to C# and Go, but the execution time ended up being very similar to the Bun version. NodeJS was slower. Only C gave a clear, noticeable performance advantage — but since I haven't written C in a long time, the code became significantly harder to maintain.

I went through a similar journey trying worker threads for CPU-bound work in Node. The serialization cost of passing data between threads ate most of my gains, especially with larger inputs. Ended up going the napi-rs route instead — Rust addon running in the main thread with near-zero FFI overhead. Different tradeoff since you lose the parallelism, but for my workload the raw speed was already enough.

- you should be using multiple node processes - you should be spawning tools to do heavy computation

The lack of backpressure handling nor promise api for postMessage is also quite annoying, I had many OOMs because of it.

Or you could use Elixir with Postgrest and not have to bold on all this wonky 3rd paid tools for basic stuff like background jobs:

https://elixirisallyouneed.dev/tools?q=Pgflow

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